PMC

(A) Visible light spectra of high concentrations of chebulagic acid, chebulagic acid/iron(II), chebulinic acid, and chebulinic acid/iron(II); (B) colors of the various solutions. 1, 50.3 mM iron (II); 2, 0.3 mM chebulagic acid; 3, 0.3 mM chebulagic acid + 50.3 mM iron(II); 4, 0.3 mM chebulinic acid; 5, 0.3 mM chebulinic acid + 50.3 mM iron(II); 6, 0.3 mM Fer-1; 7, 0.3 mM Fer-1 + 50.3 mM iron(II).

Proliferation inhibition rates of different human colorectal carcinoma cells treated with a superior triphala (higher chebulinic acid, higher chebulagic acid); b inferior triphala (lower chebulinic acid, lower chebulagic acid); c inferior triphala with corrected chebulinic acid (higher chebulinic acid, lower chebulagic acid); and d inferior triphala with corrected chebulagic acid (lower chebulinic acid, higher chebulagic acid) or e chebulinic acid or f chebulagic acid at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 mg/L for 48 h. The relative IC₅₀ values were estimated with regression analysis by probit using SPSS and presented in Table

Inhibitory effect of chebulinic acid on PPP1CB. (A) Chemical structure of chebulinic acid (CA); (B) the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of chebulinic acid against PPP1CB catalytic activity. Chebulinic acid was diluted from 12 to 0.019 μM in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Next, 10 μL of diluted chebulinic acid was added to 80 μL of reaction buffer containing 304 μM DiFMUP. Next, 10 μL PPP1CB (1.5 nM of final concentration) was added to the reaction buffer containing DiFMUP and chebulinic acid. IC₅₀ value was calculated using the sigmoid dose–response model with the seven data points; (C) cytotoxicity of chebulinic acid on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Cell viabilities were measured using the water-soluble tetrazolium (WST)-1 assay. Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation.

Structures of chebulinic acid and chebulagic acid according to a previous study []. a chebulinic acid (1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-2,4-O-chebuloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside); b chebulagic acid (1-O-galloyl-2,4-O-chebuloyl-3,6-O-HHDP-β-D-glucose)